7.03 Path-lifting: uniqueness
Below the video you will find accompanying notes and some pre-class questions.
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Notes
(0.00) In the last section, we saw that if you have a path γ in X starting at x=γ(0), a covering space p:Y→X and a point y∈p−1(x) then there exists a lifted path ˜γ in Y with ˜γ(0)=y. In this section, we will see that this lift is unique.
Uniqueness of lifts
(1.00) We will prove the following, more general, result.
Let S={t∈T : ˜F1(t)=˜F2(t)}. We need to prove that S is open and that T∖S is open (i.e. S is closed). Since T is connected, this implies that either S=∅ or T∖S=∅, so if S is nonempty then S=T and ˜F1≡˜F2.
(5.22) Given a point t∈T and let x=F(t). Since p:Y→X is a covering space, there is an elementary neighourhood W⊂X of x. In Y there are elementary sheets V1 and V2, projecting to W, containing ˜F1(t) and ˜F2(t) respectively.
(7.32) Since ˜F1,˜F2 are continuous, there exist open sets U1,U2⊂T such that t∈Ui and ˜F1(Ui)⊂Vi for i=1,2. Let U=U1∩U2.
(8.45) We want to show that T∖S is open, so suppose that t∈T∖S. Then I claim that U⊂T∖S, which will prove that every point in T∖S has an open neighbourhood contained in T∖S, which implies that T∖S is open.
(9.40) The claim can be proved as follows. Since t∈T∖S, ˜F1(t)≠˜F2(t), so V1 and V2 are disjoint. Therefore ˜F1(t′)≠˜F2(t′) for all t′∈U (because t′∈U implies ˜F1(t′)∈V1 and ˜F2(t′)∈V2, and V1∩V2=∅).
(11.25) We also want to show that S is open, so suppose that t∈S. Then ˜F1(t)=˜F2(t), so V1=V2=:V. There exists a local inverse q:W→V to p, i.e. p∘q=idW, q∘p=idV.
(12.53) If t′∈U then ˜F1(t′)∈V and ˜F2(t′)∈V, so q(F(t′))=q(p(˜F1(t′)))=˜F1(t′) and q(F(t′))=q(p(˜F2(t′)))=˜F2(t′), so we deduce that ˜F1(t′)=˜F2(t′). Therefore ˜F1 and ˜F2 agree on U, which proves that S is open.
This proves the lemma.
Pre-class questions
- There is a condition on covering spaces which I'm using in this
section but which I forgot to mention in earlier sections. Can you
spot what it is?
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