# Fukaya categories 1: What is Floer theory?

[2019-10-11 Fri]

If you have never come across the amazing ideas of Andreas Floer, the definition of a Fukaya category will seem almost completely unmotivated. In the words of the famous joke, "If I were going there, I wouldn't start from here." So for those of you who haven't seen Floer theory before, I'm going to start by reviewing the basics. To avoid getting hung up on technicalities, the review will be at a cartoon level of rigour; I will become more rigorous later when I specialise to the setting I want to use (exact Lagrangians in cotangent bundles).

# Fukaya categories

[2019-10-11 Fri]

This term, we will be running a reading group at Lancaster in the algebra/geometry group. We will be focusing on various topics, including Fukaya categories, derived localisation, Koszul duality (amongst other things!). I have promised to talk about Fukaya categories until the audience gets sick of it (which may happen sooner rather than later). I'm planning to post notes of what I say here (in case someone misses a session and needs to catch up).

# Postdoc wanted

[2019-10-10 Thu]

We are advertising an 11 month postdoc position in symplectic topology and/or algebraic geometry at Lancaster University in the beautiful North-West of England: here is the application page. This is funded by (what's left of) my EPSRC grant "Singularities and Symplectic Topology". Starting date 1st January or as soon thereafter as convenient. If you're interested in applying, let me know (j.d.evans at lancaster.ac.uk).

# KIAS Workshop

[2019-10-10 Thu]

Earlier this summer, I spent a week in Seoul at the Korean Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS) at a workshop on "Algebraic and Symplectic Aspects of Degenerations of Complex Surfaces" organised by Professors Dongsoo Shin, Heesang Park, JongHae Keum and Giancarlo Urzúa. It was a fantastic workshop, drawing together researchers from very different backgrounds (MMP and algebraic geometry, symplectic topology/holomorphic curves, low-dimensional topology, toric geometry/deformation theory) and getting us to make our work accessible to one another, emphasising the connections between the different threads and the unity of what we are doing. In that, it was enormously successful.

This was helped by the structure of the workshop: over the course of the week, there were only eight speakers, each giving two or three talks. This encouraged speakers to take time explaining illustrative examples and background, rather than rushing over these to try and state their theorem within an hour.

Here are a couple of the things I learned (in this case, specifically from the lectures of Hakho Choi).

# Why open notebook mathematics?

[2019-09-20 Fri]

I want to elaborate more on why I decided to set up an open notebook where anybody on the internet can see what I'm working on in quasi-realtime.

# Scientific communication

[2019-09-17 Tue]

In honour of postdoc appreciation week...

Which of the following is the ultimate purpose of scientific communication?

• To impress expert referees and convince them that you are clever.
• To bolster your publication record.
• To get cited lots.
• To publish in top journals.
• None of the above.

# 3-dimensional lightbulb theorem

[2019-09-17 Tue]

Recently, Gabai proved a fantastic theorem about knotted surfaces $$\Sigma\subset S^2\times S^2$$. You can read about it in Gabai's paper, or in Edwards's expository paper. The theorem says that if $$\Sigma$$ intersects $$\{p\}\times S^2$$ once transversely then $$\Sigma$$ is actually unknotted (i.e. it's isotopic to one of the standard spheres $$\{(z,z^k)\ :\ z\in\mathbf{C}\cup\{\infty\}\}$$). This is the analogue of a (trivial) classical unknottedness theorem in 3 dimensions, called the lightbulb theorem, which I didn't actually know about until I heard about Gabai's result. In this blogpost, I want to discuss the idea behind the 3-dimensional lightbulb theorem (I haven't yet understood the proof of the 4-dimensional version).

# Erratum for arXiv:1110.0927

[2019-09-10 Tue]

I said that I would be posting clarifications and errata for my old papers. Here's another one.

# Open notebook

[2019-08-07 Wed]

I have started an open notebook. It's somewhere I plan to post some of the mathematical questions I'm thinking about, while I'm thinking about them, and to post whatever progress I've made on them, while it's being made. This is quite different from my usual mode of working (where I think about things for a year or more and then eventually write up the distillate and post it to arXiv).

# Chain relations

[2019-08-06 Tue]

There is a beautiful series of relations in the mapping class groups of punctured surfaces called the chain relations. In this post, I will explain the origin of these relations in algebraic geometry.

# manim

[2019-06-21 Fri]

I recently taught a linear algebra class. Before I taught it, Momchil Konstantinov recommended I check out the Youtube channel 3Blue1Brown (produced by Grant Sanderson), which apparently had some nice videos about linear algebra. I was too busy preparing to teach. Once marking the exam was over, I thought I would relax by taking his advice and seeing someone else's take on linear algebra.

My mind was blown.

# First things first

[2019-05-21 Tue]

Once upon a time I was summoned for an interview with GCHQ about a summer internship. Given that I have never done a summer internship with GCHQ, you can already tell that this interview did not go well. However, I learned something useful from this interview about problem-solving which I would like to share with you.

[2019-05-21 Tue]

This used to be a random page on my website, but I thought I would incorporate it into my blog.

A big part of the practice of mathematics is the struggle to put our own internal mathematical universes into order, trying to fit new understanding in with old.

To do this by reading what other people have written is difficult, because their way of structuring things can be very different from the way you think.

Here are some of the things I keep in mind when trying to read things other people have written.

# Am I allowed?

[2019-05-21 Tue]

I notice more and more these days that students ask me "Am I allowed to..." For example, "am I allowed to use row-swapping to solve this question?" or "am I allowed to use cross products to find this vector?". Maybe cross products were covered in a different course, or maybe I introduced row-swapping after the other row operations to avoid talking about signs in determinants early on.

The question really means: "Will I lose marks for doing this?" which is a perfectly legitimate question. However, it is a clear example of educational "backwash", where the means of teaching or assessing has a negative impact on the way students learn.

# Small resolutions

[2019-05-09 Thu]

Recall that if $$X$$ is a singular variety then a resolution of $$X$$ is a morphism $$\tilde{X}\to X$$ from a smooth variety to $$X$$ which is an isomorphism outside the singular locus. The exceptional locus of a resolution is the preimage (in $$\tilde{X}$$) of the singular locus in $$X$$. A resolution is "small" if the exceptional locus has codimension bigger than 1. The classic example of this (which I discussed years ago in another blog post) is the small resolution of the 3-fold ordinary double point, where the small resolution replaces the singular point with a copy of $$\mathbf{CP}^1$$ (which then has complex codimension 2 in the 3-fold).

I was discussing all of this with my collaborator Mirko Mauri and trying to understand when small resolutions exist in more complicated situations. He told me something which blew my mind. "Small resolutions often occur when you blow up a divisor." Don't be silly, I said, blowing up a divisor doesn't do anything. He pointed out that blowing up a Cartier divisor doesn't do anything, but blowing up a Weil (but non-Cartier) divisor can do something. At this point, I was trying to remember what the difference was and whether all Cartier divisors were Weil or vice versa or neither. By the end of our discussion, I had a much better understanding of what "blowing up a divisor" means from the viewpoint of a symplectic geometer. I try to explain this below.

# Associahedra

[2019-04-17 Wed]

I had a fun conversation about associativity the other day with one of our first year students who is taking my linear algebra class. This blog post is inspired by that conversation.

Mathematicians are big on proofs. We like to work out every tiny detail of an argument before presenting it to the world. Sometimes this can seem like pedantry, and doubtless there are mathematicians who are pedants. But I would like to argue that this process of carefully examining the minutiae of an argument can lead one to new and unexpected discoveries. This is completely analogous to the way that a scientist, confused by discrepancies between theory and experiment, can find a new, deeper theory by careful and imaginative examination of the basic assumptions of the old theory.

I'm going to introduce a mathematical idea which will seem, at first sight, pretty boring. Then I'll show you how it leads you naturally to something completely unexpected.

# Moving

[2019-02-27 Wed]

In little under a month, I'll be leaving London and UCL and joining the Mathematics Department at Lancaster University. I will be a member of Grizedale College. It has long been a dream of mine to return to the North of England, and I'm very excited about it.

I have had a wonderful seven years at UCL: it is an incredibly friendly place with an abundance of excellent and motivated students and researchers. Thank you to everyone who has made my time here so enjoyable.

Note that this means that my website will be moving too, so if there are people out there who occasionally read this blog or use the resources on my website, be warned!

[2019-02-03 Sun]

Some years ago, I wrote some graphviz files which generated dependency graphs for our undergraduate course at UCL, to help students figure out which modules were available and what the prerequisites were. The files were not so easy to maintain, so I recently wrote some code to automate the production of these images. The idea is that all the information about the course and module dependencies is contained in a relatively-easy-to-read-and-edit XML file and that some XSL transforms are then used to convert it to graphviz. Admittedly, XSL being a very verbose functional language, the transforms themselves are not the easiest thing to maintain, but I have always liked the W3C's vision of the semantic web so I went with it anyway. For example, it would be natural to use the XML file to store other information like syllabus content, and then generate syllabus pages/LaTeX files automatically using another XSL transform. You can see the code here and the webpage with the images here.

# Developing map

[2019-02-03 Sun]

Following on from my last post, here are more figures that will appear in my lectures on Lagrangian torus fibrations. This time, we see the image of the developing map for the integral affine structure for the base of a Lagrangian torus fibration on $$\mathbf{CP}^2$$ obtained from the standard moment triangle'' by (a) one, (b) two, and (c) three nodal trades. The result is the union of all mutations of the moment triangle, which gives a rather lovely integral affine fractal'' in the plane. For me, mutations always seemed a little mysterious until I thought of drawing a picture like this. The point is that action coordinates are not globally defined on the base of a Lagrangian torus fibration, they only really make sense on its universal cover. When you look at two polygons related by a mutation, you're really looking at the image of two neighbouring fundamental domains in the universal cover under action coordinates.

# Focus-focus singularities

[2019-01-25 Fri]

I am currently giving a graduate-level lecture course on Lagrangian torus fibrations. One of the side-products of this is some images which I have generated using a computer and which I want to display in class. The lectures are being held outside of the university, so it costs extra to hire a projector, and I am not using a projector for the majority of the lectures, so instead I will post these images to this blog and direct students to look at them using their mobile devices (or the mobile device of their neighbour, if they don't have one).

The images illustrate the developing map for the integral affine structure on the base of a Lagrangian torus fibration in the neighbourhood of a focus-focus fibre.

# Elliptic function slide rule

[2019-01-18 Fri]

In the early hours of this morning, I was lying awake in bed thinking about slide rules (as one does) and imagining how a slide rule for Jacobi's elliptic functions might look. I realised that there is a nice picture associated with this, which illuminates what the Dehn twist has to do with elliptic functions.

# Fanography

[2019-01-01 Tue]

If you're anything like me, you often find yourself wishing that the Fano-Iskovskikh-Mori-Mukai classificiation of Fano 3-folds were readily available to browse online and that the data were also available in a format which could be processed by computer.

Both such a database and a YAML file from which the database is generated are now available thanks to the efforts of Pieter Belmans.

# Flipping conclusion

[2018-11-29 Thu]

As I posted before (here and here), I tried flipping my lecture course Topology and Groups this year (2018). This meant converting my lecture notes into a sequence of online videos with accompanying notes (each lasting approximately 15-20 minutes) and converting my problem sheets into worksheets we would work through in class. Each week, the students have been required to watch about 90 minutes of videos and then in class we have worked through the worksheets, focusing on examples, group-work and discussion, which is supposed to support the learning from the videos. In this blog post I will summarise what I have learned from the experience.

# Flipping update

[2018-08-10 Fri]

As I wrote in an earlier post, I'm planning to flip my lectures for next year. I'm currently in the act of recording videos for my lectures. After experimenting with a number of different techniques for this over the years, I've finally hit on a setup I like that works well with Linux.

# Mathematical bookbinding

[2018-06-04 Mon]

Some problems:

1. Maths books are expensive.

2. Printing papers out is usually a waste; I lose track of which papers I have printed and they mount up in enormous, disorganised, dog-eared piles on my desk. I sometimes find it fun to work my way downwards through one of these piles, and see the stratified history of what I have been thinking about for the last year. But it's not a sensible way to organise one's life.

3. Screen-readers are just not the same... I got an iPad a few years ago so I could minimise printing, and it's very convenient to carry around all my papers in electronic form. But still, I find it very difficult to focus in depth on something I'm reading on a screen. I like to be able to flick through and hold different pages open. I like books.

So I recently took up bookbinding and I'm making my own hardback mathematics books out of freely available PDFs online (books or research papers that I've been meaning to read properly). This is not difficult, so I thought I'd share some of my experiences below.

# Cyclic quotient singularities, II

[2018-06-04 Mon]

This is the second of my posts covering background material on cyclic quotient singularities of surfaces which I find myself looking up or working out from first principles on an almost daily basis at the moment (the first one is here). In this post, I will discuss discrepancies and intersection numbers in surfaces with singularities, and explain how to compute them.

# Cyclic quotient singularities, I

[2018-06-02 Sat]

I have been reading the paper "Flipping surfaces" by Hacking, Tevelev and Urzúa, which is a detailed study of a certain class of 3-fold flips. There is some background material about cyclic quotient surface singularities which I keep having to figure out from first principles whenever I return to this stuff and it would be helpful to have it written down somewhere. To that end, here is the first in a series of posts about this, covering the toric model for cyclic quotient singularities and the minimal resolution.

# Horikawa surfaces

[2018-02-26 Mon]

Mostly for my own convenience, here is an overview of the geometry of Horikawa surfaces (because I will forget most of this).

# New blog functionality

[2018-02-13 Tue]

At the behest of Pieter Belmans, I have now added an RSS feed to the blog to make it easier for people to follow. I have also added a blogroll. Here is the shell script which I used to generate the RSS feed for the blog.

This script is not without its flaws. For example, if a blog post is only on the index page and doesn't have as separate file to link to, I have just linked to the blog index (I should really include an anchor to link to... maybe another day). Probably, I should use ox-rss or some other elisp solution, but I find shell scripts easier to deal with.

One more piece of fun: I recently acquired an Android smartphone (so that I could send photos of my new baby to his grandparents via whatsapp). I became much more enamoured of this phone when I realised I could install a terminal emulator (Termux), use this to install Emacs and Git, and so I can now make blog posts from my phone.

# Farmageddon

[2018-02-03 Sat]

I have just finished reading the book Farmageddon by Philip Lymbery and Isabel Oakeshott. It is the most important book I have read in a number of years. It is a dazzling journalistic expose of how industrial-scale agriculture and factory farming has systematically raped the world's farmlands in the last half century.

# A crib sheet for surfaces

[2018-02-02 Fri]

Every time I want to think about complex surfaces, I find I have forgotten what things like $$q(X)$$ and $$p_g(X)$$ mean and how they are related to things like $$c_1(X)$$ and $$c_2(X)$$. To save me carrying Barth-Peters-Van de Ven around with me, here is a blog post containing the basic definitions.

# Clarification for arXiv:1606.08656

[2018-01-31 Wed]

The paper Ivan Smith and I wrote on Lagrangian pinwheels in $$\mathbf{CP}^2$$ and Markov numbers has recently appeared in Geometry and Topology. Shortly thereafter, Yong-Geun Oh contacted us with some excellent questions where our exposition was less than clear. In case anyone else has the same questions, I thought I would write a blog post clarifying these points.

# Clarifications and errata

[2018-01-31 Wed]

In the spirit of Michael Hutchings and Paul Seidel, I have decided to use this blog to keep track of clarifications and errata for my papers. Most of my papers say something wrong or inaccurate but nonfatal. In most cases, it doesn't seem worth filing a correction. But occasionally someone asks me about one of these things and, it being several years since I wrote the paper, I panic all over again trying to figure out why their question doesn't invalidate my work (piece of advice: when this happens to you, almost always trust your past self; they were much more familiar with the paper when they were writing it). I will keep the list below updated as I add more clarifications and errata to the blog.

# Flipping

[2018-01-31 Wed]

I have decided that next year I am going to try lecture-flipping my topology module. Lecture-flipping is the practice whereby the lecturer prepares material for the students to view/read ahead of time, and the lecture is spent getting the students to explore the material in more depth and consolidate their understanding. I have decided to document my experience in case it's useful for other people thinking about flipping (specifically in the context of maths lectures).

In this blog post I want to review:

• why on earth I'm planning to do this,
• what it means in practice,

# TikZ and org-mode

[2017-11-25 Sat]

As an org-mode newbie, it took me a while to figure out how to get TikZ code in my source files to generate images in my blog. This blog post explains the solution I found.

# Noether's theorem in field theory

[2017-11-24 Fri]

This blog post attempts to explain Noether's theorem in field theory (including Noether currents) in a way that might appeal to a mathematician familiar with symplectic topology and the Hamiltonian formalism. Hopefully someone will find it useful...

# The Heisenberg picture and causality

[2017-10-25 Wed]

This blog post summarises what we learned about propagators and causality in free scalar QFT.

# What is a quantum field?

[2017-09-24 Sun]

As a mathematician trying to learn QFT, a question that always bothered me was "what is a quantum field?". This blog post explains one point of view (the Schrödinger picture) on the answer to this question which I find satisfying.

# Pre-QFT 1: the quantum harmonic oscillator

[2017-09-15 Fri]

The archetypal physical system is the simple harmonic oscillator: a ball on a spring following Hooke's law follows periodic motion along a circle in phase space (its displacement and momentum oscillate sinusoidally between two extremes and out of phase like sin and cos). Understanding the corresponding quantum system is fundamental to understanding quantum field theory: indeed, quantising a free (bosonic) field turns out to be equivalent to quantising an infinite collection of simple harmonic oscillators.

# Quantum field theory reading group

[2017-09-24 Sun]

Like many people, I got into maths because I was interested in quantum field theory and didn't understand what was going on. I have spent a lot of time idly browsing QFT textbooks over the years in an effort to rectify this, but stuff always got in the way.

Ed Segal and I are planning to run a QFT reading group at UCL to improve our understanding. I will post my own notes from the reading group to this blog, as well as some foundational "pre-QFT" material which I always forget and have to re-read whenever I start looking into this stuff after a long break.

If you are interested in attending the reading group, please let Ed or me know.

# Equivalence relations

[2017-09-17 Sun]

Equivalence relations are an important concept in mathematics, but sometimes they are not given the emphasis they deserve in an undergraduate course. Having a good grasp of equivalence relations is very important in the course MATHM205 (Topology and Groups) which I'm teaching this term, so I have written this blog post to remind you what you need to know about them. I will kick off with a few examples, then give a more formal definition.

# Theorem and proof environments in CSS

[2017-09-12 Tue]

Here is a nice idea from Dr Z.ac, the blog of Zachary Harmany. You can use CSS to create LaTeX-style theorem/proof environments on a website.

# Connecting to wifi from command line

[2017-09-12 Tue]

I so rarely need to connect to a new wifi network that, when I do, I always forget how I managed to do it the previous time. For future reference, here's how I did it this time (using "NetworkManager Command Line Interface" or "nmcli"):

$nmcli dev wifi list$ nmcli dev wifi connect NETWORKNAME password NETWORKPASSWORD


# New blog

[2017-09-12 Tue]

I've decided that I don't like my old blog and I'm setting up a new blog using org-mode.

# Resonances

[2016-10-30 Sun]

How could you "detect" a new subatomic particle, given that it's so small you can't see it and (often) so short-lived that you'd miss it even if you didn't blink?

# Nice paper bump

[2016-08-31 Wed]

It's 7 years old, but I only just came across the following beautiful expository paper of Baez and Hurta on the representation theory underlying the standard model and grand unified theories and I thought I would give it a bump. It overlaps with some of the material I touch on in the Lie Groups course I teach (using representations to classify particles) but goes into much more gorgeous detail and focuses on fundamental particles rather than baryons/mesons. It is unusually easy to follow (if you know a bit of representation theory) and I learned a lot from reading it.

# Is the speed of light constant?

[2016-08-09 Tue]

I recently came across a beautiful argument due to De Sitter (1913), which gave the (first?) experimental evidence that light moves with a constant speed.

Constancy of the speed of light is one of those things that always bothered me, and I spent a couple of days recently trying to unbother myself. De Sitter's argument is what finally satisfied me. Below, I’m going to explain the background, then I'll explain De Sitter's argument. The De Sitter paper is only a couple of paragraphs long and is available via Wikisource, so if you don't need the introductory remarks in the blogpost below, just follow the link above and read it.

# Using graphviz to illustrate course structure

[2015-10-22 Thu]

At some point last year, I got frustrated that I couldn’t see easily the global structure of the UCL undergraduate maths course without trawling through a bunch of PDFs, so I made a webpage to illustrate it. Hopefully some people have found this useful in deciding which modules to choose or in advising students which modules to take.

Update (3rd Feb 2018): I have now updated the source code for this to make it easier to maintain. It is now available on GitHub.

# Some simple spectral sequences

[2015-04-28 Tue]

I keep finding myself trying to explain how the very simplest spectral sequences arise (spectral sequence to compute the cohomology of a cone or an iterated cone), so I have taken the time to TeX the explanation into a sequence of guided exercises. This is all very formal and diagram-chasy. One of the off-putting things about spectral sequences is all the indices; in these exercises I have suppressed gradings and concentrated on the very simplest cases to avoid overcomplicating the notation. Once you’ve seen how the proof goes, you should go and look in Bott-Tu or McCleary for some actual examples and computations.

Please let me know of any errors in the exercises!

# A sanity check for the Fukaya category of a cotangent bundle

[2015-02-15 Tue]

Yesterday I gave a seminar about Fukaya categories and I didn't have chance to do quite as much explicit computation as I'd hoped. I thought I’d write a blog post with a basic calculation to show you the kind of things that are involved in doing computations in Fukaya categories. I will show (using Abouzaid's description of the zero section in terms of the cotangent fibre) that the zero section and the cotangent fibre have $$rank(HF) = 1$$, in the special case of $$T^*S^1$$. This is such a trivial result in the end (you could do the computation just by looking at the intersection and seeing it's a single point) that you should think of this post as more of a sanity check.

# Cone eversion

[2014-10-12 Sun]

Last year, around the time Chris Wendl was running the h-principle learning seminar at UCL, I set my second years an exercise from Eliashberg-Mishachev as a difficult challenge problem: to find an explicit cone eversion. In other words, find a path in the space of functions on $$\{(r,\theta)\in\mathbf{R}^2\ :\ r\in[1,2]\}$$ connecting $$r$$ to $$2-r$$ such that none of the intermediate functions has a critical point. One of these students, Tom Steeples, got hooked on the problem, almost solved it, and afterwards used Mathematica to produce some beautiful computer animations of a solution given by Tabachnikov in American Mathematical Monthly (1995) Vol 102, Issue 1, pp 52–56. Here is one of his images. Reproduced with Tom's kind permission (the copyright is his).

# Gromoll filtration

[2014-07-14 Mon]

In my latest preprint with Georgios Dimitroglou Rizell, we use the topology of diffeomorphism groups of high-dimensional spheres to produce interesting examples of nontrivial topology in symplectomorphism groups of cotangent bundles. Until we started thinking about this, I didn’t know much about the higher homotopy groups of $$Diff(S^n)$$ so here is some interesting stuff I learned while we were writing this paper.

# E-learning project report

[2014-06-12 Thu]

My final report on the e-learning project "Video lectures filmed by students" is now available to download in PDF form.

The purpose of this e-learning project was to test the effectiveness and viability of getting students to film mathematics lectures and the effect on student learning of making these videos available. The project was made possible by an E-Learning Development Grant (ELDG) and by the cooperation of a large number of people who I thank at the end.

Disclaimer. The project analysis is not scientific: there is no attempt made at comparison with a control group, the data sets are not large and the statistical methods used to analyse them are crude. This report is intended to be at best a rough guide to the UCL Mathematics Departmental Teaching Committee as to what action to take on filming of mathematics lectures.

# December: video project update

[2014-12-14 Sun]

The video project has been progressing nicely: all of the videos have now been compressed and most have been uploaded to either Youtube or Lecturecast.

# Geometry and undecidability

[2013-11-21 Thu]

These are the notes from a talk I gave to the UCL Undergraduate Mathematics Colloquium in early October and I would like to thank them for being such an attentive audience with so many good questions. The talk is a gentle introduction to the work of Nabutovsky and Weinberger, on how logical complexity gives rise to complexity for sublevel sets of functionals in geometry.

# Video-lecture project weeks 1 and 2

[2013-10-10 Thu]

The e-learning project for filming maths lectures is now underway (into its second week). You can see some of the initial results here and here.

# E-Learning: Video lectures filmed by students

[2013-07-02 Tue]

I recently received a grant from the UCL e-learning team to run a project for filming maths lectures.

# E-Learning: Spring 2013

[2013-06-27 Wed]

Henry Wilton, Bonita Carboo and I are the UCL Maths Department's e-learning reps. In the interests of sharing ideas, here are a few things I have discovered this Spring about e-learning which may be useful to others.

# Bored now

[2013-05-01 Wed]

I just read a BBC article about Jimmy Wales called "Boring university lectures are doomed" and the title and the tone of the article made me angry. As a boring university lecturer, I felt I should speak out.

# The geometric definition of the Johnson homomorphism

[2013-04-26 Fri]

I have recently been thinking about Torelli groups.

The Torelli group of a surface is the subgroup of mapping classes which act trivially on cohomology. Consider the case of an orientable surface with $$g$$ handles and one boundary component (diffeomorphisms are required to fix the boundary). There is a famous homomorphism from this group to the free abelian group of rank $${2g\choose 3}$$ called the Johnson homomorphism. The usual definition is pretty algebraic-looking (involving the mapping class group action on the fundamental group and its commutator subgroup). This week I read an alternative (extremely beautiful, geometric) definition of this homomorphism in Johnson's survey paper on the Torelli group (D. Johnson, A survey of the Torelli group, Contemp. Math. (1983) vol. 20, 165-179). This definition is probably very well-known, but I didn't formerly know it and I thought it was too nice not to blog about.

# TikZ code for the octahedral axiom

[2013-03-01 Fri]

If anyone finds it useful, I've created a LaTeX command for drawing the octahedral axiom (requires the TikZ package) based on this example of Stefan Kottwitz. You can easily edit the code to add labels to arrows (they would go in the empty brackets in the lines that say "edge") or add these as extra arguments to the function.

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}

\newcommand{\Octa}[6]{\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=2cm,thick]
\node (1) {$$X$$};
\node (4) [below right of=1] {$$A$$};
\node (6) [below right of=4] {$$C$$};
\node (2) [above right of=4] {$$Y$$};
\node (5) [above right of=6] {$$B$$};
\node (3) [above right of=5] {$$Z$$};
\draw[->] (1) to[out=25,in=155] (3);
\draw[->] (1) -- (2);
\draw[->] (2) -- (3);
\draw[->] (2) -- (4);
\draw[->] (3) -- (5);
\draw[->] (3) to[out=260,in=0] (6);
\draw[->] (4) -- (6);
\draw[dashed,->] (4) -- (1);
\draw[->] (6) -- (5);
\draw[dashed,->] (4) -- (1);
\draw[dashed,->] (5) -- (4);
\draw[dashed,->] (5) -- (2);
\draw[dashed,->] (6) to[out=180,in=270] (1);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}}


Then the command

\Octa{X}{Y}{Z}{A}{B}{C}


will produce a diagram like this:

# Convex Integration (talk notes)

[2013-02-15 Wed]

In case you were unable to take notes from my talk (either because you were unable to attend or because you were present) I've written them up below in some detail. They're basically just a summary of Borrelli's notes.

Also relevant is the preliminary cartoon which contains many of the essential ideas.

Warning: Images are large may take some time to load.

# Convex integration (cartoon)

[2013-02-10 Sun]

On Thursday I'll be giving a talk on convex integration at the London h-principle learning seminar. This will be a dry and technical subject, so I thought I'd create some light-hearted preliminary reading. Here then, in cartoon-form, is the simplest version of 1-dimensional convex integration, used to construct an immersed loop in the plane whose tangent vector has winding number zero.

The technical details of the talk will be heavily based on these notes by Vincent Borrelli, which is an excellent place to learn all this stuff from.

Warning: The cartoon is big (about 1MB) and may take time to load.

# Kronheimer's argument: Small resolutions and Dehn twists

[2013-01-27 Sun]

I want to amplify an expository argument I gave in a recent lecture which shows that the squared Dehn twist on a symplectic 4-manifold is smoothly isotopic to the identity map. This is an old argument of Kronheimer and I only managed to sketch it hurriedly in the lecture. A few people have asked me to explain this to them in the past, so...

# Symplectic/Contact Geometry VII at Les Diablerets, Day 1

[2013-01-11 Fri]

I'm currently in Switzerland at the seventh "Symplectic Geometry, Contact Geometry and Interactions" Workshop funded by CAST. This is a yearly conference which started at the same time I started my PhD so I have a great fondness for these workshops. This one is in the mountains, which makes me even fonder...

After three excellent talks today I decided to act as a "maths journalist" and summarise the main ideas from the talks in this blog. I may not be able to keep this up, as there's six talks tomorrow and too much snow to enjoy. Today's talks were:

• Urs Frauenfelder "A $$\Gamma$$-structure on the Lagrangian Grassmannian"
• Yochay Jerby "The symplectic topology of projective manifolds with small dual"
• Alex Ritter "Floer theory for negative line bundles"

# UCL Geometry and Topology Open Day talk: Floer theory

[2012-11-13 Tue]

These are the notes from the twenty minute talk I'm going to give at the UCL Geometry and Topology Open Day for prospective PhD students (November 14th 2012). For those who are interested in reading more, check out Milnor's book on Morse theory and Atiyah's early survey paper on Floer theory.

# Why Schrödinger's equation?

[2012-11-05 Mon]

"Why this equation?"

I recently overheard someone ask this about Schrödinger's equation. The answer they received was, for me, unsatisfying. "Because it agrees with experiment." Of course, that answers perfectly why the equation was adopted by future generations of physicists and indeed the calculation of the spectrum of atomic hydrogen from the energy eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator is one of the most convincing and wholesome computations a young physicist can do. But the question that was left unanswered, the question I believe was being asked, was: "Why did Schrödinger write this equation down? Why not something else?" I don't believe for a second that Schrödinger sat down with an array of different equations and worked out what each of them predicted about hydrogen before he found the one that fit...

# HEA course for new maths lecturers

[2012-09-18 Tue]

Last week I had the pleasure of attending a course for new maths lecturers run by the Maths, Stats and Operations Research discipline of the Higher Education Academy (HEA/MSOR). I was pleased that it dispelled several myths for me, in particular the myth that these courses never cater for mathematicians' needs. All the talks were given by experienced mathematics lecturers or people who have spent a considerable amount of time undertaking educational research specific to university-level maths. With such good quality input, and with the high level of engagement discussion amongst the participants, I learned a lot.

# Lines through four lines

[2012-08-14 Tue]

(Reposting this from an earlier blog which I gave up on, but liked the post so I added some pictures – all images produced using the amazing free alternative to Maple/Mathematica, Sage).

I was reading Fulton-Pandharipande ("Notes on stable maps and quantum cohomology") the other day and came across the classical result that there are exactly two lines passing through a generic quadruple of lines in $$\mathbf{CP}^3$$. I encourage people to whom this fact is unfamiliar to convince themselves of it. It was unfamiliar to me and I found it hard to visualise, so I sat down and drew some pictures until I understood it.

# Quantum computers: Grover's algorithm

[2013-08-13 Tue]

I've been meaning to get my head around the idea of a quantum computer for a while now and, since my mathematical energy is currently reduced to clearing out my ETH office, I thought I'd do some reading and find out more. I leafed through my dusty copy of Wikipedia, picked up Kitaev et al from the library and turned to chapter two...

I think the easiest way to illustrate how a quantum computer differs (functionally) from a classical computer is by explaining an algorithm which only makes sense for quantum computers and which really outperforms a classical algorithm for the same task (that is the point of quantum computers, after all). The first algorithm they explain in Kitaev et al is called Grover's algorithm and it performs the task of searching a database. Wikipedia has a really nice exposition too, but I was initially confused by what they both call a "quantum oracle" (sounds like something from Star Trek TNG). I tried to explicitly avoid that in what I said below.

TLDR: Classically you have to look through all $$N$$ elements of a database until you find the right one (so runtime increases linearly in N); Grover's algorithm has a surprising runtime of order $$\sqrt{N}$$ to do the same thing, using clever ideas from quantum mechanics.

Comments, corrections and contributions are very welcome; please drop me an email at j.d.evans at lancaster.ac.uk if you have something to share.

CC-BY-SA 4.0 Jonny Evans.